Conclusions

COPD patients initiating TIO+OLO utilized significantly lower COPD-related, non-COPD pneumonia-related, and all-cause healthcare resources, across categories, relative to TT.
Patients treated with TIO+OLO also had lower mean annualized costs for medical (driven by acute inpatient stays) and pharmacy settings in both COPD-related and all-cause care categories.
These findings challenge the value of prescribing TT for all COPD patients by providing important real-world insight on the economic impact of potentially inappropriate TT prescribing.