Study design
- Multinational (12 countries), multicenter (51 sites), biomarker study in ex-smokers without airflow limitation (controls) and ex-smokers with COPD, with or without A1ATD
Figure 1. Overview of trial design
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aBiomarkers are assessed in different biofluids (whole blood, serum, plasma and induced sputum).
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aThe patient population of FOOTPRINTS® and COPDGene® differ due to differences in the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Abbreviations: A1ATD, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT, computed tomography; MESI, medical events of special interest.