Objective

Objective: Evaluate occurrence of [1] severe and [2] any (severe or moderate) COPD exacerbation(s) and [3] pneumonia diagnosis among TIO+OLO vs. TT initiators in a US Medicare Advantage Part D (MAPD) population stratified by baseline exacerbation history: none=0 exacerbation; single=1 moderate exacerbation; multiple/severe=≥2 moderate or ≥1 severe exacerbation(s).